In 2002, Maine grew to become the primary state to implement a statewide laptop computer program to some grade ranges. Then-Governor Angus King noticed this system as a approach to put the web on the fingertips of extra youngsters, who would be capable to immerse themselves in data.
By that fall, the Maine Studying Know-how Initiative had distributed 17,000 Apple laptops to seventh graders throughout 243 center colleges. By 2016, these numbers had multiplied to 66,000 laptops and tablets distributed to Maine college students.
King’s preliminary efforts have been mirrored throughout the nation. In 2024, the U.S. spent greater than $30 billion placing laptops and tablets at school. However greater than 1 / 4 century and quite a few evolving fashions of expertise later, psychologists and studying specialists see a unique consequence than the one King supposed. Quite than empowering the technology with entry to extra data, the expertise had the other impact.
Earlier this 12 months, in written testimony earlier than the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, neuroscientist Jared Cooney Horvath mentioned that Gen Z is much less cognitively succesful than earlier generations, regardless of its unprecedented entry to expertise. He mentioned Gen Z is the primary technology in trendy historical past to attain decrease on standardized checks than the earlier one.
Whereas abilities measured by these checks, like literacy and numeracy, aren’t at all times indicative of intelligence, they’re a mirrored image of cognitive functionality, which Horvath mentioned has been on the decline during the last decade or so.
Citing Program for Worldwide Pupil Evaluation information taken from 15-year-olds the world over and different standardized checks, Horvath famous not solely dipping take a look at scores, but additionally a stark correlation in scores and time spent on computer systems at school, such that extra display time was associated to worse scores. He blamed college students having unfettered entry to expertise that atrophied quite than bolstered studying capabilities. The introduction of the iPhone in 2007 additionally didn’t assist.
“This is not a debate about rejecting technology,” Horvath wrote. “It is a question of aligning educational tools with how human learning actually works. Evidence indicates that indiscriminate digital expansion has weakened learning environments rather than strengthened them.”
The writing was maybe already on the wall. Fortune reported in 2017 that Maine’s public faculty take a look at scores had not improved within the 15 years the state had applied its expertise initiative. Then-Governor Paul LePage referred to as this system a “massive failure,” even because the state poured cash into contracts with Apple.
Gen Z will now should face the ramifications of eroding studying capabilities. The technology has already been hit exhausting by the transformations of the twenty first century’s different technological revolution: generative AI.
Early information from a first-of-its-kind Stanford College research printed final 12 months discovered AI developments to have “significant and disproportionate impact on entry-level workers in the U.S. labor market.” However a much less succesful inhabitants means extra than simply poorer job prospects and fewer promotions, Horvath warned; it endangers how people are in a position to overcome existential challenges within the many years to come back.
“We’re facing challenges more complex and far-reaching than any in human history—from overpopulation to evolving diseases to moral drift,” he advised Fortune. “Now, more than ever, we need a generation able to grapple with nuance, hold multiple truths in tension, and creatively tackle problems that are stumping the greatest adult minds of today.”
Know-how’s impression on studying
Classroom expertise utilization has ballooned lately. A 2021 EdWeek Analysis Heart ballot of 846 lecturers discovered 55% mentioned they’re spending one to 4 hours per day with academic tech. One other quarter reported utilizing the digital instruments 5 hours per day.
Whereas lecturers could also be intending for these instruments to be strictly academic, college students typically have totally different concepts. In response to a 2014 research, which surveyed and noticed 3,000 college college students, college students engaged in off-task actions on their computer systems practically two-thirds of the time.
Horvath blamed this tendency to get off-track as a key contributor to expertise hindering studying. When one’s consideration is interrupted, it takes time to refocus. Process-switching is also related to weaker reminiscence formation and higher charges of error. Grappling with a difficult singular subject material is tough, Horvath mentioned. For the most effective studying to occur, it’s imagined to be.
“Unfortunately, ease has never been a defining characteristic of learning,” he mentioned. “Learning is effortful, difficult, and oftentimes uncomfortable. But it’s the friction that makes learning deep and transferable into the future.”
Sustained consideration to a singular topic is anathema to how expertise at this time has been deployed, argues Jean Twenge, San Diego State College psychology professor finding out generational variations and the creator of 10 Guidelines for Elevating Children in a Excessive-Tech World. Extra time on screens isn’t simply ineffective in facilitating learnings; it’s counterproductive.
“Many apps, including social media and gaming apps, are designed to be addictive,” Twenge advised Fortune. “Their business model is based on users spending the most time possible on the apps, and checking back as frequently as possible.”
A Baylor College-led research printed in November 2025 uncovered why that is: TikTok required the least quantity of effort to make use of, even lower than Instagram Reels and YouTube shorts, by balancing related movies with shocking and surprising content material.
Considerations over social media dependancy have turn into so dire that 1,600 plaintiffs, throughout 350 households and 250 faculty districts, filed a lawsuit alleging Meta, Snap, TikTok, and YouTube created addictive platforms resulting in psychological well being challenges like melancholy and self-harm in youngsters.
Fixing the tech disaster
Horvath proposed a swath of options to Gen Z’s tech drawback, not less than because it pertains to classroom use. Congress, he prompt, may impose efficacy requirements to fund analysis on what digital instruments are literally efficient within the classroom. The legislature may additionally require robust limits on monitoring conduct, constructing profiles, and gathering information on minors utilizing tech.
Some colleges have taken issues into their very own arms. As of August 2025, 17 states have cracked down on cellphone use at school, banning the expertise throughout educational time; and 35 states have legal guidelines limiting using telephones within the classroom. In truth, greater than 75% of colleges have mentioned they’ve insurance policies prohibiting cellphone use for non-academic functions, in response to the Nationwide Heart for Schooling Statistics, although implementing these bans have been met with variable success.
Finally, Horvath mentioned, the lack of essential considering and studying abilities is much less of a private failure and extra of a coverage one, calling the technology of Individuals educated with devices victims of a failed pedagogical experiment.
“Whenever I work with teenagers I tell them, ‘This is not your fault. None of you asked to be sat in front of a computer for your entire K-12 schooling,’” Horvath mentioned. “That means we…screwed up—and I genuinely hope Gen Z quickly figures that out and gets mad.”
